International Accounting Standards Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Worldwide Accounting Standards Board - Essay Example The IASC Foundation is overseen by 22 Trustees. The Trustees incorporate profoundly experienced open and private division experts who have a place with different pieces of the world (IASB, n.d.). The IASC was set up in 1973. The objective of IASB is to furnish the world's coordinating capital markets with a typical language for money related revealing (IASB, 2008). Principle goals of the IASB, as characterized by IASC Foundation constitution, incorporate the accompanying (IAS Plus, 2009): As appeared above, IASB is selected by IASC Foundation (which is designated by and reports to the Monitoring Board). ISAC Foundation likewise chooses other warning bodies that prompt IASB on different exercises. These incorporate Standards Advisory Council, Working Groups for Major Agenda Projects, and International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee. IASB creates IFRS utilizing a standard 'fair treatment'. IASC can audit the procedure of norms advancement during any/all step(s). The fundamental strides of the procedure are portrayed beneath (IASC Foundation, 2006. pp. 8-13): 1. Setting the plan: The plan is set so as to address needs of a large portion of the clients of fiscal reports; mostly the speculators. A few components which are considered incorporate the importance and unwavering quality of data that can be given to clients, accessibility or previous direction on the subject and conceivable intermingling, asset imperatives and the normal nature of expected norm. 2. 2. Task arranging: At this stage, it is concluded whether to do the undertaking alone or as a joint venture with other standard setting bodies. The undertaking group is distinguished, gathered and finished during this phase of the fair treatment. 3. Improvement and distribution of a conversation paper: Although not obligatory, yet IASB as a rule distribute a conversation paper to look for open remarks and proposals on the subject, plan, and the objectives. The remarks are examined to decide whether any improvement can be made. A conversation paper is created after starter research on the theme and comparable principles. 4. Improvement and distribution of a presentation draft: Exposure draft advancement and distribution is a compulsory advance simultaneously. The introduction draft is created after broad examination and subtleties the proposition, plan, and suggestions for the norm. When created, it is distributed to acquire remarks. The remarks are then broke down to make required change in the norm,

27 Quotes From Military Leaders About War and Bravery

27 Quotes From Military Leaders About War and Bravery Since the beginning, noted military pioneers, war veterans, and legislators, for example, Nathan Hale (American trooper, spy, and skipper in the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War), Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Armed force general and Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War II; 34th President of the U.S.), Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian general), George S. Patton Jr. (U.S. Armed force general, veteran of World War I and World War II), and numerous others, have had a great deal to state about war. Their solid worded cites that have been gotten over the ages are about enthusiasm, boldness, and penance. These are the words that frequently helped officers to contend energetically and win, and kept the nation pushing ahead during times of incredible pressure. Their ageless statements can be rousing for ordinary difficulties, as well. Peruse the accompanying statements and see which ones resound with you.â Frederick C. Blesse: No guts, no greatness. Winston Churchill: We rest securely around evening time since unpleasant men stand prepared to visit viciousness on the individuals who might hurt us. George Colman: Praise the scaffold that conveyed you over. David G. Farragut: Damn the torpedoes, no holding back. Dwight D. Eisenhower: Neither a savvy nor a courageous man rests on the tracks of history to sit tight for the train of things to come to run over him. Authority is the specialty of getting another person to accomplish something you need done on the grounds that he needs to do it. Just our individual confidence in opportunity can keep us free. The best spirit exists when you never hear the word referenced. At the point when you hear it its normally lousy. Giuseppe Garibaldi: I offer neither compensation, nor quarters, nor food; I offer just craving, thirst, constrained walks, fights, and passing. Let him who cherishes his nation with his heart, and not just his lips, tail me. David Hackworth: If you end up in a reasonable battle, you didnt plan your central goal appropriately. Nathan Hale: I just lament that I have however one life to give for my nation. Heraclitus: Out of each one hundred men, ten shouldnt even be there, eighty are simply targets, nine are the genuine contenders, and we are fortunate to have them, for they make the fight. Ok, yet the one, one is a warrior, and he will bring the others back. Douglas MacArthur: Whoever said the pen is mightier than the blade clearly never experienced programmed weapons. It is deadly to enter a war without the will to win it. George S. Patton Jr.: Live for some different option from bite the dust to no end. The fighter is the Army. No military is superior to its warriors. The Soldier is additionally a resident. Actually, the most noteworthy commitment and benefit of citizenship is that of carrying weapons for one’s nation. Lead me, tail me, or move the hellfire. Never advise individuals how to get things done. Guide them and they will amaze you with their inventiveness. No decent choice was ever constructed in a turn seat. Oliver Hazard Perry: We have met the foe and they are our own. Colin Powell: Never-ending positive thinking is a power multiplier. There are no insider facts to progress. It is the aftereffect of planning, difficult work, gaining from disappointment. Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.: The reality of the situation is that you generally realize the correct activity. The crucial step is doing it. William Tecumseh Sherman: War is hellfire. Harry S. Truman: A pioneer is the man who can get others to do what they dont need to do, and like it. Arthur Wellesley, First Duke of Wellington (1769-1852): I dont realize what impact these men will have upon the adversary, be that as it may, by God, they panic me. William C. Westmoreland: The military dont start wars. Government officials start wars.

The Human Experience Free Essays

The Human Experience is an exceptionally contacting film. All through the film we experience a wide range of issues. There are numerous topics of pardoning and mending in the film. We will compose a custom article test on The Human Experience or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now This film isn't just loaded with feelings, yet it likewise causes you think about your life, and the activities we make as a people. We discover pardoning and mending in our life’s by reflecting in our moves, and by making a move and really attempting to be better people. In the film we see a wide range of individuals needing mending in their souls. The two most normal topics of recuperating we find in the film are enthusiastic and social mending. Jeffrey Azize needs both passionate and relationship mending. At the point when he was little his relationship with his dad was bad. Jeffrey father was a heavy drinker. Jeffrey saw his dad more impaired than calm. Jeffrey needs that adoration for his dad. Jeffrey needs to figure out how to excuse his dad so as to have a superior relationship with his dad. Toward the finish of the film, we hear Jeffrey saying â€Å"Have you at any point had a second where you feel like everything is perfect on the planet? Time stops, and the stars are in line. It was the first run through in quite a while I could feel harmony in my heart†. He felt settled in the wake of experiencing each one of those encounters. He saw a ton, which caused him to pardon his dad. He had the option to mend. The Human Experience caused me to understand that there are more serious issues in our reality. It instructed me that I shouldn’t underestimate anything. Much the same as the destitute person said â€Å"One day you may have a home, however the following day you may be on the streets†. This caused me to think about my life, it caused me to understand that I’m additionally needing mending. It made me consider how unreasonable I am and how I never state thank you for the littlest thing. This film instructed me that I could have any kind of effect, by accomplishing something little like giving my time or giving things I don’t need to the individuals who are out of luck. By and large this film was astonishing. I could watch it a million times, and each time it would have the equivalent or greater effect in my life. In my life I for one need a great deal of mending. I’m needing both passionate and connection mending. I’m one of those people, who don’t excuse others. On the off chance that you hurt me somehow or another I may state I pardon you yet toward the end I truly won’t. I additionally have a great deal of trust issues. It’s difficult for me to confide in somebody, particularly if they’ve hurt me previously. For me trust resembles a paper, once it’s disintegrate it can’t be great. I realize that everything occurs for an explanation, however now and then I wish I comprehended what that reason was. I surmise that I have to figure out how to pardon others, and to confide in individuals. I have to open up additional. In general our general public needs a great deal of mending. Our general public is truly not adequate. It makes me dismal to see the manner in which society is organized. Our general public is genuinely terrible. The monstrous truth about our general public is that nobody cares except if you’re lovely or biting the dust. Consistently I ask myself what’s amiss with the world? We see that many individuals are survivors of our general public, however we don’t successfully change. Like clockwork, somebody bites the dust from self destruction. Self destruction is for the most part observed among youngsters since they are being harassed for not looking or acting a specific way. Society no longer knows the importance of magnificence. It’s difficult to experience childhood in reality as we know it where you never feel like you’re truly enough. In this general public you have to have architect garments, you should be size 0, you have to have a spotless face, you have to wear cosmetics, you have to have impeccable eye vision and flawless teeth; on the off chance that you don’t, at that point you’re consequently called appalling. We are the ones that are devastating our reality. We are the ones bringing such sin into this world. We as a whole need enthusiastic recuperating. We are needing that adoration. Another sort of recuperating this general public needs is that they have to acknowledge the manner in which they are. Everybody is extraordinary in this world. I see the world like a major food bowl; we are for the most part extraordinary which makes things additionally intriguing. We should be content with the manner in which we look, and grasp it. Helping other people is the best blessing to enable you to recuperate. Helping other people causes you to understand that you ought to never underestimate things. By helping other people I understood that accomplishing something so straightforward like perusing a book will bring a ton of grins. In addition to the fact that you make somebody grin it encourages you reflect in your life. I have adapted such a significant number of things about me by helping other people. I found out about my confiding in issues by helping other people, and gradually I’m recuperating. Bit by bit I’m figuring out how to confide in individuals. It’s not a major change, however so as to transform you have to make little strides, and that’s precisely what I’m doing. My confidence with God was broken, however by mending I’m assembling back the pieces. I’m figuring out how to confide in God, and leaving everything on his hands. I’m genuinely mending. Over all everybody needs recuperating. It’s me, yet a large number of others that are needing mending. On the off chance that you are not content with yourself, it’s clear you need a recuperating. On the off chance that you can’t acknowledge yourself, what makes you imagine that you can acknowledge others? In the event that you censure yourself what makes you imagine that you won’t reprimand others. With the end goal for society to mend, we have to recuperate our spirit firsts. By helping other people, you understand your necessities, It’s every one of the a major circle. You have to help other people, one you help them you see where you need, a great many healings yourself you understand that society needs mending, when you recuperate yourself you’re ready to assist society with getting better. The most effective method to refer to The Human Experience, Essay models

Free Essays on The Truth Hurts!

stated, yet that individual despite everything gets the point. An innocuous falsehood and a destructive truth are similar each other in that both will in the long run cause torment. Both of the two agonizing prospects can be useful to an individual. On one hand to be come clean you can conceivably fix or improve the issue. At the point when lied it could be useful in that you won’t overcompensate or get irritated. A destructive truth is a fact that is advised to you that is troubling. This sort of truth may create a stinging uproar yet with quiet balanced reasoning and a lot of pardoning it will die down inside a couple of days. Once in a while a destructive truth is actually what an individual needs t... Free Essays on The Truth Hurts! Free Essays on The Truth Hurts! Ouch! Reality harms, or would a falsehood hurt more regrettable? Numerous a period people say they need to know reality, however on the off chance that that fact dispenses torment is it still justified, despite all the trouble? At the point when you have food in your teeth and a companion tells you do you express gratitude toward them, or do you wish they had kept their mouth closed. Despite the fact that, when they let you know, you where conceivably humiliated, it passed. Over the long haul you ought to have been appreciative. Your companion spared you from a potential more regrettable shame to come. Numerous things are considerably more significant than a miniscule measure of food stuck between the cleft of your teeth. These are the things that make the inquiry on sparing an individual from torment and dispensing it accidentally a hard one to reply. An innocuous falsehood is a misrepresentation advised for reasons unknown to achieve something. A kind of falsehood told about the size of a fish that was gotten yet â€Å"got away.† An individual may likewise advise a lie to keep someone else from torment. State that individual A tells individual B that individual C has a terrible hair style. At the point when individual C asks individual B what individual A told individual B, it would not be face to face B’s best aims to come clean with individual C. Individual B could state that individual A said that individual C’s hair style was alright however that they enjoyed it how it was previously. Along these lines, individual B shields individual C from the unforgiving words stated, however that individual despite everything gets the point. An innocuous falsehood and a frightful truth are indistinguishable each other in that both will inevitably cause torment. Both of the two difficult prospects can be useful to an individual. On one hand to be come clean you can possibly fix or revamp the issue. At the point when lied it could be useful in that you won’t go overboard or get resentful. A harmful truth is a fact that is advised to you that is upsetting. This sort of truth may create a stinging uproar yet with quiet reasonable reasoning and a lot of pardoning it will die down inside a couple of days. Once in a while a terrible truth is actually what an individual needs t...

Sustainable Business Planning & Strategy for Urban- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theSustainable Business Planning Strategy for Urban Form. Answer: Assessment of the patterns between urban structure, network perspectives towards characteristic assets and asset the executives The issue which is recognized in this investigation is the coral blanching of Great Barrier Reef. The coral dying is occurring in Great Barrier Reef which is the genuine worry for the earth corruption in Australia. It is seen that in this world with the expansion in populace there is high change in the temperature changes to be occurred alongside the adjustments in the climate conditions also (Hughes et al. 2017). There are visit corruption of the climate and outrageous climate occasions to be occurring. The explanation is just because of the extraordinary warmth is produced. The heart is produced because of the aftereffect of the unnecessary human exercises to be occurring in Australia too in different pieces of the world. There is the likelihood of having 95 percent of the warmth or warmth is created because of the human exercises (Hughes et al. 2017). The corals are amazingly delicate to high temperatures and consistently need that the warmth which is to be created ought to be in limited quantity so they can have the option to get by under the ocean and inside the ocean temperatures. The adjustments in the atmosphere is delivering high measure of warmth which is ordinarily dying the corals during the long stretch of summer. The Great Barrier Reef has experienced two significant episodes of fading which is in the year 1998 and 2002 where 42 and 54 percent of the refs were influenced due to blanching. With regards to urban structure, Australia is very nearly getting one of the most importrant nations where the development alongside the instructive part has a high jump forward as of now also later on (Hughes et al. 2017). The training part is generally excellent in Australia. Because of this there is high number of outsiders coming to get significant level of instruction in Australia. Because of the expanded number of migrants occurring, there is quick utilization of the common assets to be done (Hughes et al. 2017). There is no control on the utilization and the protection of the characteristic assets and its procedures also. The people group don't have the mentalities of controlling the normal assets and ought to save the characteristic procedures to be utilized for lessening its wastage and for the improvement of the common procedures for safeguarding it too. In setting of asset the board, the network and the administration of Australia have the shared objective of shielding and protecting the coral reef from the hands of coral blanching. So the Australian and the Queensland government are contributing mutually $200 million every year for the wellbeing of the reef (Death et al. 2012). There is the advancement of the solid administration structure and the organization consent to be finished with the legislature by a portion of the offices who are searching for protecting the normal assets of Australia. Break down patterns on strategy improvement in Australia Comparable to the issue of coral blanching, there are a portion of the arrangements to be created by the administration for saving the coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef marine Park Act 1999 which is helpful for the administration of the Great Barrier Reef. This gives intending to the structure and the executives through zoning plans, plans of the board. The following could be the Environment insurance and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 which manages activities assumed the assurance of the coral reefs (Van Hooidonk Maynard and Planes 2013). The others might be Environment Protection Act 1981 and numerous others also. Conduction of research in a worldwide domain With regards to the urban structure, internationally there is negative effect of the coral dying o Great Barrier Reef. It is seen that with the worldwide condition to have the option to get overhauled with the cutting edge innovation and angling is viewed as one of the most significant wellspring of income age both for the urban nations also for the administration of the particular nations (Van Hooidonk Maynard and Planes 2013). So coral dying should be killed which may influence the monetary and social components of different nations too. With regards to the network mentalities to common procedures, the networks are especially strained and creating genuine worries of how to deal with the characteristic assets which ought to be made manageable for what's to come. The people group knew about utilizing and actualizing the characteristic procedures for the safeguarding of the normal assets so that they become manageable later on (Van Hooidonk Maynard and Planes 2013). The people group p erspectives have changed by and large with the urban structure to be created which is influencing the worldwide condition truly. It is especially mindful of the way that the networks are taught enough however the requirements and requests were expanding step by step so they are constrained to abuse the characteristic assets effectively and in substantial sum which is causing truly weakness for the common assets also (Death et al. 2012). With regards to asset the executives, this is one of the most genuine and fundamental action which is should have been finished by the administration of that particular nation. The people group should know about how much regular assets are required, the amount to be devoured and the amount to be squandered too (Wiedenmann et al. 2013). The asset the board is finished with the improvement of the successful arrangement making and the various enactments so they can have the option to deal with the assets adequately for the presentation of nature in an appropriate manner. With regards to the approach improvement in a worldwide domain, the arrangements are essentially the explanations which make the networks too the people working in various associations to get mindful of how the earth ought to be shielded from the issue of coral dying as referenced in the investigation also (Schaffelke et al. 2012). Portrayal of business case for natural maintainability the board According to the issue of coral blanching in Great Barrier Reef the administration of Queensland has been drafted an arrangement for draft Reef 2025 named as the Water Quality Improvement Plan 2017-2022 for meeting. The coral blanching which is the issue distinguished should deal with the assets so it ought to be preserved successfully and doesn't influence the worldwide condition also. The ascent of development and different enterprises in this world it additionally influencing the coral reefs which is influencing the soundness of the people and there are quick changes in the way of life of the people to be occurring (Death et al. 2012). The people are getting considerably more progressed and they are misusing the regular assets vigorously so as to address their own issues and requests also. This is to be finished by the Australians alongside the administration of Queensland which advises that because of the poor water coming out of the enterprises has been running down into the cat chment territories of the coral reef (Brodie and Waterhouse 2012). This is the point by point arranging where the administration, the network and the legislature will have the option to cooperate so as to improve the nature of water so coral dying could be diminished this ought to be improving the environment and gives high an incentive to the Great boundary Reef also. References Brodie, J. also, Waterhouse, J., 2012. A basic audit of natural administration of the not all that GreatBarrier Reef.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,104, pp.1-22. Brodie, J.E., Kroon, F.J., Schaffelke, B., Wolanski, E.C., Lewis, S.E., Devlin, M.J., Bohnet, I.C., Bainbridge, Z.T., Waterhouse, J. also, Davis, A.M., 2012. Earthbound contamination overflow to the Great Barrier Reef: an update of issues, needs and the executives responses.Marine Pollution Bulletin,65(4-9), pp.81-100. Steward, J.R., Wong, G.Y., Metcalfe, D.J., Honzk, M., Pert, P.L., Rao, N., van Grieken, M.E., Lawson, T., Bruce, C., Kroon, F.J. what's more, Brodie, J.E., 2013. An investigation of exchange offs between various biological system administrations and partners connected to land use and water quality administration in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.Agriculture, environments environment,180, pp.176-191. Passing, G., Fabricius, K.E., Sweatman, H. what's more, Puotinen, M., 2012. The 27year decrease of coral spread on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(44), pp.17995-17999. Hughes, T.P., Kerry, J.T., lvarez-Noriega, M., lvarez-Romero, J.G., Anderson, K.D., Baird, A.H., Babcock, R.C., Beger, M., Bellwood, D.R., Berkelmans, R. what's more, Bridge, T.C., 2017. An unnatural weather change and repetitive mass blanching of corals.Nature,543(7645), p.373. Rosenberg, E. what's more, Loya, Y. eds., 2013.Coral wellbeing and infection. Springer Science Business Media. Schaffelke, B., Carleton, J., Skuza, M., Zagorskis, I. what's more, Furnas, M.J., 2012. Water quality in the inshore Great Barrier Reef tidal pond: Implications for long haul checking and management.Marine Pollution Bulletin,65(4-9), pp.249-260. Van Hooidonk, R., Maynard, J.A. what's more, Planes, S., 2013. Transitory refugia for coral reefs in a warming world.Nature Climate Change,3(5), p.508. Wiedenmann, J., DAngelo, C., Smith, E.G., Hunt, A.N., Legiret, F.E., Postle, A.D. what's more, Achterberg, E.P., 2013. Supplement advancement can build the helplessness of reef corals to bleaching.Nature Climate Change,3(2), p.160.

Decluttering Mental Clutter

Decluttering Mental Clutter Those voices inside your head won’t be quiet: all you can hear is your boss telling you to have those reports complete by Friday, or your daughter reminding you there’s soccer practice this Saturday, or a parent’s voice telling you they need your help cleaning the house this weekend. Most of us have somewhere to be each day, not to mention the everyday fire drills we get put through at work or at home. It can feel very overwhelming, and our minds can get noisy. Some of us even have echoes of voices from experiences from the past. How do you deal with all that mental clutter? Mental clutter is something I’ve worked on my entire life. I used to feel like, no matter what, I constantly had some sort of mental clutterâ€"I always had something going on in my mind. If it wasn’t something new causing that anxious, chaotic feeling, it was something from the past creeping back into the present to haunt me. Some days were worse than others, but it was there every day. And then, after fixing several other parts of my life, I was able to cut down on the mental clutter: Health. Your mind and your body aren’t standing in separate corners of the room: it’s much easier for a physically unhealthy person to experience a poor mental state. The brain is a delicate organ and we must treat it right. If you are interested in learning more, I recommend Change Your Brain, Change Your Life by Daniel G. Amen. I was impressed with Amen’s in-depth explanation of the ties between the human brain and the human body. I notice I feel more anxious when I have an empty stomach, have not exercised in a few days, eat junk food, and don’t get enough sleep. I discovered once I changed these things, the mental clutter began clearing away. Improving my health was an important first step. Circumstances. If you’re like meâ€"the old meâ€"then you’re saying to yourself you can’t change your circumstances. And with that attitude, we’re right. Once I decided I’d had enough of the mental clutter, though, I had no choice but to change my circumstancesâ€"I had no choice but to remove myself from circumstances that added to the problem. I stopped associating with certain people, changed my spending habits, downsized my possessions. I started with myself, and, in time, changed my circumstances. Over time things change, and instead of letting them change on their own, or letting things change me, I decided to change myself. Some of those changes were difficult. I stopped associating with a few folks who encouraged bad habits, and the world didn’t stop spinning. I was laid off from my six-figure career, and I didn’t die. I set new expectations with friends and family, and they supported me. My circumstances are completely different now from what they were a short while ago, and I’m infinitely happier. Don’t take this the wrong way: I’m not suggesting everyone needs to quit their job or take dire actions, but please understand your problems likely aren’t as bad as you think. Don’t be fooled by anyone: you are in control of your circumstances; you are in control of you. Past troubles. This was one of my biggest issues: my haunting past. I’ve made mistakes, I’ve let people down, and I’ve made dumb decisions. I’ve been extremely hard on myself, unnecessarily hard, neurotic about the mistakes and bad decisions I’ve made. I’d often fall asleep replaying my whole day in my head, searching every interaction and conversation for mistakes so I could improve myself. Now every time I feel anxiety caused from some past experience, I ask myself a few different questions: Is that situation relevant now? Was that situation even that serious? Am I blowing it out of proportion? Was that situation in my control? Does what that person, family member, or friend said actually have validity, or are they just acting out? These questions helped me discern the things that mattered and didn’t matter, so I could stop being so hard on myself. I also had to learn what things were in and out of my control. If something was out of my control, I accepted it so I could focus on the things I could controlâ€"the things I could change. What makes you tick? To find out what made me tick, I drew a vertical line down a piece of paper. I labeled the left side “Bad Days” and the right side “Good Days.”  For each scenario, “Good Day”  or “Bad Day,”  I thought of the foods I ate, people I saw, places I visited, etc. I couldn’t remember every detail, but it gave me a few places to start. To get better, I knew I needed to identify the problems, and then find the appropriate tools to combat them. Those tools can be different for everyone, but don’t expect to fight the voice in your head on your own. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

Research and Describe How to Control Cybercrime - 1650 Words

Research and Describe How to Control Cybercrime (Research Paper Sample) Content: How to Control CybercrimeStudent's nameInstitution AffiliationSome of the cybercrimes include;Fraud and financial crimesA presentation through the computer that is dishonest in a nature that leads to individuals making losses may be termed as financial crime. On the other hand, the process of obtaining something that is going to be beneficial to you without being authorized can be said to be a fraud. For an individual to acquire this, he has to have expertise that is going to arable him to perform this theft. If he/she is an employee of an organization, then he has to enter false data or data that is unauthorized or instructions that are unauthorized to make this unauthorized transaction a success. The detection of any changes in the data stored is a very difficult task that will require keen look into the system and the deleting or alteration of the data may go unnoticed. The computer systems may be used to facilitate other forms of fraud like; identity theft, theft of information that is classified, carding, extortion and also bank fraud (Susan, 2010). The consumer and businesses may be targeted by internet scammers using phishing and social engineering.Cyber terrorismSince the 2001 there has been an increase in problems in the use of internet and also server scammers. The government officials have indicated that this increase has been in the rise due to the frequency of internet use and also the advancement of technology to reach all the individuals. There has been concerns in the various governments of the growing intrusions that form part of the organized efforts that are meant to assist cyberterrorism, to enable get foreign intelligence, and also terrorist groups being able to know the weaknesses that exist through the security systems of various countries (Susan, 2010). Cyberterrorists are people who tend to coerce or intimidate governments or any formal organizations so as to advance their political interests and other social objective s through the use of computer systems in the attack against others where information has been stored and cause alteration of the systems. In the general sense, cyberterrorism is said to be terrorism acts that are performed through the use of the cyberspace or also the use of just the computer. Rumors that may be spread through the internet that are meant to scare the public on a likely occurrence of cybercrime are going to be considered as cyberterrorism. Also, hacking activities that are meant to destroy the life of individuals, causing fear, that are meant to demonstrate power, also those with the intention of collecting information that may be intended to cause fear amongst people's lives , blackmail and robberies, may be considered to be cyberterrorism.Diffusion of cybercrimeCybercriminal activities that are in broad diffusion in nature can be as simple as an issue of prosecution of the detection of computer crimes. According to some researches that have been done on this, havi ng the technical expertise and also, the accessibility of all these, does not par any individual from getting into commitment of cybercrime. With the development of technology, hacking has become much less complex that it was some years back (Susan, 2010). This is because, most people who have been previously hacking various information, this is due to their diffused knowledge in the internet. There has been an increase in the issue of information sharing where those who are beginners in hacking have got help from those who have done it for long.Cyber extortionCyber extortion is said to occur when a computer system, a website, or an e-mail are exposed to a threat of denial of access to services or the attack by the malicious people. When the hackers have had a success of causing altering of the services, they are able to demand lamp sum of money so as to stop their acts and offer protection in return. According to investigations that have been done by various governments, the attac ks by cyber extortionists have been in increase on the networks and also corporate websites which causes inability in their operation and also the demanded payments ate a point may become difficult to raise(Susan, 2010) . This has been a challenge to many hence taken as a serious cybercrime that needs control.Ways on how to control this terrorInvestigationTo ensure that this habits of cybercrimes are put on hold, then it is necessary that players in the various industries are enabled to investigate their computer they can detect cases of malicious activities. A computer can contain more data that can be used as evidence in the investigation of various criminal activities though it has never been used for the purpose of criminal activities. This can assist in the capping of various criminal acts through the computer. Most countries have put measures where there are predetermined activities nature to enable them determine the real intentions of each and every user (Susan, 2010).Leg islationThe reason as to why cybercrimes has not yet been controlled though is due to the fact that the laws that have been put in place that are easily exploited making those that have performed the crimes to be caught free. There are poor systems that are meant to enforce laws and prosecute calibrates. Due to these weak laws we have seen continued increase of cybercrimes. However if the trend is going to be maintained, the cases are going to escalate and cause more harm to people. The put of laws that are strict to ensure that the cybercrimes are controlled is the only way that we are going to ensure that the cases are contained and no harm is caused on those who use the internet and computer systems (Susan, 2010).PenaltiesPenalties for computer related cr...

Kate Nelsons Genre Defying Work The Argonauts - 2293 Words

Maggie Nelson’s genre-defying work The Argonauts (2015) embraces instability and complexity in identity through eliciting a parallel between the renewal of the Argo in the Greek Myth â€Å"Jason and the Argonauts† and language: â€Å"Just as the Argo’s parts may be replaced over time but the boat is still called the Argo, whenever the lover utters the phrase ‘I love you,’ its meaning must be renewed by each us, as ‘the very task of love and of language is to give to one and the same phrase inflections which will be forever new’† (Nelson, 5). The Argo implies continued movement and interior evolution; claiming permanence in the structure would be disingenuous since renovations are necessary to keep the boat afloat—just as claiming stability in ones’ internal conception of identity, especially with regards to gender and sexuality, is problematic and ultimately an injustice to the complexities that lie within each pers on. However, institutionalized binaries of sex (female/male), gender (woman/man), and sexuality (homo/hetero) fail to provide imperative space in self-exploration and work to suppress the potentialities within these arenas. By developing upon examples in The Argonauts through engaging with the ideas of Judith Butler in Gender Trouble and Performative Acts and Gender Constitution and Eve Sedgwick in The Epistemology of the Closet, these binaries may be revealed as a construction that conceals the operations of oppression within contemporary American culture. After the

Unit 054 Principles for Implementing Duty of Care in...

Unit 054 Principles for implementing duty of care in health and social care or childrens and young people settings Outcome 1 Understand how duty of care contributes to safe practice Part One Explain what it means to have a duty of care in own work role. The key points as outlined in the text book, surrounding my duty of care at work include helping children as they develop: * The ability to foresee and cope with potential dangers. * More robust immune systems. * Empathy. * Communication skills. Part of my work is to ensure that the children in my care are allowed to develop these skills in a safe environment. At Westview I carry out day-to-day risk assessments for activities and excursions that each child participates†¦show more content†¦At the same time if I was to not allow them to go on the monkey bars to protect them from any injury I would be preventing them from natural healthy development as I would not be allowing them the element of challenging risk that is needed to be taken to allow the child to predict and avoid dangerous situations in the future. The parents views need to be considered when analysing the child’s rights. Should the parents not want a child to participate in a certain activity this must be considered in a way that does not make the child feel isolated from the others. Part Two- Describe how to manage risks associated with conflicts or dilemmas between an individual’s rights and the duty of care. We manage risks associated with the conflicts and dilemmas between an individuals rights and the duty of care by sensibly and logically looking at the situation at hand and deciding on whether the rights of the individual or duty of care take precedence over the actions involved again thisShow MoreRelatedPrinciple for Implementing Duty of Care in Health, Social or Children and Young Peoples Setting997 Words   |  4 Pagesassignment is intended to provide evidence of a candidate’s knowledge and understanding of the principles for duty of care in health, social care or children and young people’s settings. By completing all tasks within the assignment, the candidate will provide evidence that meets the Learning Outcomes and assessment criteria for Unit 054, Principles for Implementing Duty of Care in Health, Social Care or Children and Young People’s Settings. Tasks There are three tasks to this assignment. A Short

Significant Role Of Characters In Dolls House - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1045 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Doll's House Essay Did you like this example? A dolls house This play revolves around main characters like Nora Helmer and her husband Torvald Helmer. This play took place on Christmas Eve when Nora Helmer enters the house by carrying gifts for her children. At that time her husband has been promoted to bank manager and they can now afford more comfortable life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Significant Role Of Characters In Dolls House" essay for you Create order The character of Torvald is very important in this play and his role is manager of bank where he does important decisions and his wife convinces him to make this decisions. There are other characters like Dr Rank who is a friend of Torvald and Mrs. Linde who is a friend of Nora and Krogstad who is a low level employee in that bank where Torvald is a manager. The roles of all these characters are critical and their roles affect the relation of Nora and Torvald. The turning point of this relation starts when Mrs. Linde after so many years come to meet Nora and she told her about death of her husband and she asked her to convince her husband in getting job in bank for her. At that time Nora revealed her secret to Mrs. Linde that when her husband was sick then she illegally borrowed money for the trip to Italy and her husband Torvald is unaware of that. This shows that how critical role it is for Nora. This secret has played a important part in this play and at the end it resulted to end the relation of Nora and Torvald when Torvald came to know about it by a letter from Krogstad because it was Krogstad who arranged that money for Nora and when he came to know that his position is in danger in bank as Torvald warned him that he would be given a resignation letter and after that Krogstad blackmailed Torvaldrs wife to convince her husband but she failed and so Krogstad revealed the secret of Nora. After reading the play, it can be predicted that this play is based on woman role and this woman is Nora. Her role is critical in this play and her role is very important. The way she illegally borrowed money for a trip is the only reason to create misunderstandings between her and other characters like Krogstad. Her friend Mrs. Linde did not help her in this matter and she decided to be with Krogstad in the end. It shows that Nora was empty inside and she was helpless as well. The roles of other characters affect her role as Mrs. Linde come to her so that she may asked her husband to hire Mrs. Linde as an employee in bank. And Krogstad come to her to blackmail her to reveal her secret if she would not convince her husband to maintain his position in the bank. So overall, she was forced by other characters to do these things. At the point when Ibsen portrays this as a human rights story, I think it is on the grounds that there are a few people in need that those living in solace possess no energy for. Ibsen would positively have known about a ladys place inside society (and this play cause an incredible mix when it was first performed in front of an audience), notwithstanding, he sees past that to the requirements of dads and widows, moreover. He makes a strong contention for indicating more solid concern and support for those in need by lifting up the issues of those less blessed in the play. The theme of the play fills in as a reasonable outline of womans rights. A Doll is means the situation of a lady in the family. A noteworthy character utilized to depict is Nora. She is hitched to Helmer who alludes to her as a negligible doll instead of a spouse. Nora is alluded by her better half as a warbler, a songbird, a squirrel, names that propose that she is so unimportant to her. The female characters of Nora, Mrs. Linde and the Nurse all need to forfeit themselves to be acknowledged by the general public, or even to have the capacity to experience their lives sensibly. Nora not just forfeits herself in acquiring cash to spare Torvald, however she loses the kids she without a doubt adores when she chooses to move out of the marriage and seek after her very own character. Mrs. Linde penances the genuine romance of her life, Krogstad, and weds a man she doesnt love with the end goal to help her destitute relatives. The Nurse needs to surrender her own youngster to take care of other individuals kids, with the end goal to achieve some money related solidness. In Ibsens time, ladies who had ill-conceived babies were disparaged, while the men dependable proceeded onward with existence with no preference. Noras deserting of her youngsters can likewise be translated as a demonstration of generosity. In spite of Noras extraordinary love for her kids showed by her com munication with them and her incredible dread of defiling them, she relinquishes them. Nora emphatically trusts that the caretaker would be a decent mother and that abandoning her kids was to their greatest advantage. Conclusion All the characters play their roles significantly in this play and all the characters affects other except the character of Dr Rank. Because he is the one who has no interest that what other thinks about him. This play revolves around the main character which is Nora and her secret. And in the end when her secret reveals, she finds herself strength to leave. Ibsen settles the play by portraying every one of the ladies characters as womens activists who relinquish their doll lives to leave like free, huge, and capable in their social orders. Nora, Linde, among others, start as slaves however end a womens activists. We can tell that Nora cherished her kids however she needed to forfeit and abandon them. The other significant job is the familial obligation. This is decisively a desire for the general public. Noras takeoff is viewed with a peculiar eye from the general public since she isnt relied upon to take off. For the most part, ladies are taken to be mediocre and are henceforth giv en the jobs taken to be second rate.

Application of Financial Concepts to Guillermos Furniture Store Case Study

Essays on Application of Financial Concepts to Guillermo's Furniture Store Case Study The paper "Application of Financial Concepts to Guillermo's Furniture Store" is an outstanding example of a case study on finance and accounting. Guillermo’s Furniture Store has experienced considerable challenges with the changing nature of his industry. Because of increasing challenges, there has been a strong amount more mergers and acquisitions. Additionally, the industry has witnessed the emergence of organizations that have increasingly implemented automation in their manufacturing processes. The cumulative impact of these elements has necessitated that the furniture store enacts significant change.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the overarching considerations is that of value. While Guillermo’s Furniture Store has long created value through the production and sale of merchandise, the principle of valuable ideas has demonstrated the effectiveness of new ideas (Emery 2007, p. 5). In this specific industry, this is demonstrated through the develo pment of automation processes that produce the furniture more rapidly. In terms of Guillermo Furniture Store’s own situation, it’s clear they must implement new ideas in establishing a competitive advantage. In this way, the patented process of creating a coating for the furniture could potentially constitute a new idea. This notion also extends to the inclusion of capital market efficiency. This is the process where capital markets react to new information. In this situation, the new information regarding automation contributes to a significant change in the market. Within this context of understanding, there is the recognition of the behavioral principle. The behavioral principle indicates that ‘when all else fails, look at what others are doing for guidance’. In this way, Guillermo’s Furniture Store has recognized that the current mode of operations is ineffective. In this way, they must look to the other competing stores, as the competitive envi ronment has changed considerably.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to the above elements, there are other financial concepts evident in this process. In developing a strong financial strategy as a means of overcoming these elements, it’s clear that Guillermo’s Furniture Store must think in terms of the principle of self-interested behavior. In this way, people act in their financial self-interest (Garger, 2010). Within this situation, Guillermo’s Furniture Store has its own furniture coating process. This process could be implemented in conjunction with another industry furniture manufacturer. In this way, the principle of self-interested behavior would come into effect. That is, the original furniture manufacturer would gain money from the production of the furniture. Guillermo’s Furniture Store would then apply the flame retardant to the furniture and sell it in its retail outlets. This process would be highly effective, as th e original manufacturer would have access to the retail outlets, maximizing their potential. Additionally, Guillermo’s Furniture Store would gain the advantage of mass-produced furniture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, this essay has examined the application of financial concepts to Guillermo’s Furniture Store. In this way, the principle of valuable ideas was considered a contributing factor to the market change. Additionally, the behavioral principle indicates a means of enacting business change. Finally, the principle of self-interested behavior is established as a means of partnering with an outside furniture chain that would provide manufacturing capabilities.

Cleopatra Free Essays

In the ancient world, male dominated societies, known as patriarchy, prevailed. Men occupied roles of supremacy and power. Those few women, who did succeed In gaining positions of power, marked their place In history. We will write a custom essay sample on Cleopatra or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most notable among them were Hatchets (1508 – 1458 BC), Cleopatra (69 – 30 BC) and Grapping (1 5 – 59 AD). Hatchets was one of the most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an Egyptian dynasty. Cleopatra was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty and was the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Grapping was a Roman Empress who was once the most powerful woman in Roman Empire. Each had to overcome ingrained prejudices and faced barriers that their male counterparts did not. Their strategies for gaining power in a world of men varied but they were clever, resourceful, ruthless and ambitious. They effectively used the power that men held to their own advantage. Cleopatra was portrayed as a great beauty, who very strategically formed successful liaisons with men of power, which was a contributing factor for achieving the power she sought. Cleopatra has been a topic of interest throughout history and is seen as a woman of mystery. By all accounts she was an alluring woman who used this to her advantage. Cassias Did, a source of primary evidence and Roman consul of the 1st century AD, wrote, â€Å"She was a woman of surpassing beauty She possessed a most charming voice and knowledge of how to make herself agreeable to everyone† (peg. 42) Plutarch, Greek historian as well as biographer of Roman Emperors reiterates Cassias Ids view on Cleopatra In 75 AD in ‘Life of Antonym (a secondary source), where he wrote â€Å"her beauty, as we are told, was in itself neither altogether incomparable, nor such as to strike those who saw her†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ What ultimately made Cleopatra attractive were her wit, charm and sweetness in the tones of her voice. † (peg. 27) Accounts of Cleopatra also typically present her using her charms to influence the most powerful men in the western world. Plutarch writes, for example, that she had â€Å"The power to subjugate everyone, even a love-sated man already past hi s prime†, Of Caesar conquest of Egypt he wrote, â€Å"Caesar overcame Egypt. He did not, however, make It subject to the Romans, but bestowed it upon Cleopatra, for whose sake he had waged the conflict. (peg. 42-55) powerful men, namely Julius Caesar and Marc Anthony, in times of the supremacy of en, and when the glory of Rome was paramount, that she is characterized in this sexist way as a bewitching beauty by Cassias Did, a Roman official and this is reaffirmed in Plutarch account. In both ancient and modern sources there are sources that represent the ruthlessness of Cleopatra in her pursuit of power. ‘Ptolemy XIV, written by Professor Mallow H. Smith (2008) from Rutgers University and the BBC show ‘Cleopatra: Portrait of a Killer’ (2009), reveal the darker side of Cleopatra. Revelations made include assertions that Cleopatra had Mark Antonym execute her sister Orisons on the tepees of the temple of Artemisia, a violation of the temple sanctuary and an act which scandals Rome. Furthermore, claims are made that Cleopatra had Ptolemy XIV (her second youngest brother and co-ruler as well as husband), poisoned in order to proclaim, Ptolemy XV (Cleopatra son with Caesar), as co-ruler. Although these accounts in the large are not fully substantiated in primary sources, where these incidences are shrouded in mystery and contradiction, they point to a certain brutality in her pursuit of power and provide support for those who would portray her as an evil queen. Cleopatra was more aligned with a Bewitching Beauty rather than an Evil Queen of the East. Certainly she was a woman of considerable allure who was able to use her looks and considerable wits to charm men who would be of use to her. However, rather than bemuse and bewitch, which implies that she was able to control people through supernatural means, she was a clever and strategic woman. She was certainly ruthless in her pursuit of power and most probably did perpetrate quite evil acts. According to Cassias Did, ‘In view of Career’s favor there was nothing that she could not do. ‘ (peg. 44) To call re evil however, is to discount the times in which she lived where such violence in the pursuit of power was not uncommon. Leadership in Egypt and Rome, for example, was often changed by murder or mysterious disappearances. Caligula or more commonly known as Gauss was a Roman Emperor, is an example of this as he had those he saw as a possible threat executed (Caligula: Gauss Julius Caesar Augustus Germanic). Such men who have performed such acts have in large escaped the label of ‘evil’. Cleopatra actions therefore need to be regarded in this context and her considerable achievements in the face of significant gender barriers even the credit they deserve. Cleopatra and other women of power in the ancient world have been reduced to stereotypes because of male bias and patriarchy. The patriarchal nature of the ancient world meant that roles were clearly defined on the basis of gender and women had little access to power in their own right which explains why there were so hard, and within the system of male domination, to Justify their positions. In such a world, extreme positions were taken on these women that helped to explain such anomalies. In turn, scholars today are at the mercy of the sources written by men and influenced by the times in which they lived, which fall into these extreme positions. These stereotypical representations of Cleopatra have persisted and perhaps have even been exaggerated in the name of entertainment to dramatist the truth to appeal to audiences in the mane of entertainment. In many stories, movies and other interpretations of Cleopatra such as Shakespearean play; ‘Antonym and Cleopatra'(1607), Cleopatra is frequently portrayed as vain and theatrical. In the more recent film ‘Cleopatra’ (1963) directed by Joseph L. Mackenzie, she is portrayed as exotic, luxurious and manipulative. However, taking such stereotypical positions does not help to understand the complex woman that Cleopatra must have been, to have reached such heights of power. Women who became leaders in the ancient world experienced particular difficulties in their quest for power as they contested conventional ideas and standards of the time regarding the traditional role of women. To succeed in a world dominated by men they needed to be clever, resourceful, ruthless and ambitious. Cleopatra was all these things, and like other women of note in these times, effectively utilized the power that men held for her ascendancy into the very echelons of power. How to cite Cleopatra, Papers Cleopatra Free Essays She remained In power while constantly straggling with a brother or sister and keeping alliances with Rome at the same time. She held her own even when the first Roman Emperor was coming against her. Her fatal mistake was that she reached too far. We will write a custom essay sample on Cleopatra or any similar topic only for you Order Now She tried to become the ruler of the attention world, along with her lover and her children. Rome just didn’t let that happen†¦ Firstly, Cleopatra family may have ruled Egypt, but they were Greek. Cleopatra was the first of her family to learn native Egyptian – bearing in mind her family ruled Egypt for 300 years. She also closely associated herself with the Egyptian goddess, Sis’s. This would indicate she had a respect for the people she ruled and understood the importance of being able to relate to them. Therefore she was popular among Egyptians. Her father had a catastrophic reign and when he died, she squabbled with her siblings over who would rule Egypt. She cleverly maneuvered herself Into a good political position – marrying her brother to 1 . )keep her brother’s supporters happy, 2. ) keep the Egyptians happy she was going along with tradition and upholding her father’s will 3. Pep any male, who opposed female rule, happy. More importantly, she allied herself with Caesar and sealed the deal by producing a son. She gradually edged her brothers out of the picture over time, so much so that it was barely noticed. Rome was of course, the biggest power in the Mediterranean and arguably, the world, at that time. By attaching herself as the consort of It’s b iggest leader she was gaining the Roman empire as an ally and securing the Roman army. In return, Caesar was gaining the support and wealth of Egypt – It Is Important to note that Egypt effectively fed Rome and was extremely wealthy. We can’t know for sure If this was a love match, but It was definitely two political giants Joggling together as equals, when nearly all of Room’s allies were subjects paying tribute. When Caesar was killed unexpectedly, Cleopatra was left in both a bad and good position – she made sure everyone was aware she considered her son by Caesar as an heir to Rome. This put her son in a dangerous position, which would later backfire. In a dangerous move, Cleopatra again allied herself with a Roman politicians Anthony. The Roman people increasingly began to see her as a threat to their public – They were very much against Kings and Anthony was effectively King of Egypt. Furthermore, he rejected his Roman wife to be with Cleopatra. This turned Rome against him and Octavia began to establish himself as emperor and true heir to the now deified Julius Caesar. Cleopatra attempt to get a foothold In Roman politics began to backfire on her – her son was now a very real threat to Octavia (later Augustus) Rome needed Egypt around. So in a way she was a good leader, bonding with her people and she showed great political astuteness. However her ambition arguably led to her downfall – No doubt you know what append – Anthony and Cleopatra lost against Octavia and her son was killed. She may have understood her own people, but she couldn’t have understood Romans very well – she should have known they would never accept her as a consort of Antimony’s (Their marriage wasn’t recognized in Roman law) that they would never accept her son as a leader Illus Caesar himself knew this and in his will dictated Octavia as his heir), and she should have known the idea of kingship was abhorrent to them. Http://www. Smithsonian. Com/history/who-was-Cleopatra-1513560131? Noise= How to cite Cleopatra, Papers

Routine Informative Message free essay sample

Chris Jones, my new assistant, will provide the training. As of January 15, you will be required to submit all articles electronically. 3. To submit an article electronically, go to the newsletter site on the intranet and click on that month’s newsletter. You will see a list of articles with page numbers. Go to the page given for your article, find the space for that article on the page, and paste your article into the space. If the article is too long, you may cut it, beginning with the least important information. Save the deleted sections in a separate file for future reference. 4. You may write a headline for your article, though it may be changed by Chris. You may add other design features as long as they fit the overall design of the page, and they may be changed by Chris. 5. At My Desk may be used for other things, including posters, brochures, reports, and presentation graphics. We will write a custom essay sample on Routine Informative Message or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once you have been trained, you may use it for these purposes. Thanks for your cooperation in following these procedures. I know that you will be very pleased with the new software. VERSION 2 Date:October 1, 20xx To:Employees of Midsize Company From:Herman Bartleby, Publications Director Subject:New procedures for submitting newsletter articles In an effort to streamline our newsletter production and cut costs, Midsize is bringing the production process in-house, beginning January 15. This will result in some new procedures and a variety of benefits. Bringing Newsletter Production In-house As you may know, the newsletter is currently produced at TypeOGraphics, which has always done a wonderful job with design and typesetting. But to make the process more efficient and cost-effective, we have purchased state-of-the-art desktop publishing software, called At My Desk, which we will use to produce the newsletter in-house. My new assistant, Chris Jones, will direct production and train employees in using the software. Training †¢All employees who submit articles to the newsletter must attend a two-hour training workshop in using the At My Desk program. †¢Workshops will be held throughout November and December. Chris will send out a schedule of workshops, and sign up is on a first-come first-served basis. †¢Once you have been trained, you may begin submitting articles electronically. Beginning January 15, all articles must be submitted electronically. Procedures for Electronic Submission of Articles †¢When you complete the training, you will be given a PIN to get into the newsletter site. Once you have prepared an article using At My Desk, go to the newsletter site and click on that month’s newsletter. You will see a list of articles with page numbers. †¢Go to the page given for your article, find the space for that article on the page, and paste your article into the space. If the article is too long, you may cut it, beginning with the least important information. Save the deleted sections in a separate file for future reference. †¢You may write a headline for the article or use the various design features available in At My Desk, but Chris will make the final decisions about headlines and design. Other Uses for the Software At My Desk may also be used to create posters, brochures, reports, and presentation graphics. Once you have been trained, you may use it for these purposes as well. We are very excited about this new software and about bringing newsletter production in-house. The new software will give you more input into newsletter design, make the process more efficient overall, and give you a variety of design options for other kinds of projects. Chris will be contacting you soon about training.

Gerard Manley Hopkins an atypical Victorian Essay Example For Students

Gerard Manley Hopkins: an atypical Victorian? Essay Much of the power of Hopkins later poetry comes from the tension between his creative personality (i.e. self) and his Jesuit beliefs. He attempted to reconcile the two after reading the works of the philosopher Scotus, who recognized the value of the individual self (haecceitas), a concept which seem to condone the poets ideas of inscape and their expression, the resulting poetry being a combination of inscape and the instress of the poet himself. Here, in the second verse of The Sea and the Skylark, we see the poets instress consciously imposed on the inscape with the inclusion of I hear; Left hand, off land, I hear the lark ascend, His rash-fresh re-winded new-skeined score In crisps of curl off wild winch whirl, and pour And pelt music, till nones to spill or spend.. Hopkins was not immune from another product of the self consciousness of the age, the tendency towards self analysis. Obviously his vision of the period was coloured by his religious faith, which tended to push him in the direction of those pessimists such as Carlyle, Ruskin, Tennyson and Morris in feeling that Victorian England was moving inextricably towards its own downfall. Like Ruskin and Carlyle Hopkins was concerned by the effects of industrialisation upon nature, seeing it as wilful abuse of God given beauty (as can perhaps be seen in the grieving tone of Binsey Poplars), and by the inequality of society, seeing them all as symptoms of the moral decay and growing irreligiousness of society Why do men then now not reck his rod? (Gods Grandeur, line 4). Both Toms Garland and Felix Randall address the social problems which Hopkins clearly saw as a direct result of the godless materialistic industrialisation of the period This, by Despair, bred Hangdog dull: by Rage, Manwolf, worse; and their packs infest the age. (Toms Garland 19-20) and the poets own concern for the spiritual welfare of this growing hopeless underclass. The Wreck of the Deutschland serves to illustrate the might of God and the fate of those who will not sacrifice themselves utterly to Him and suggesting an almost apocalyptic vision of the future in such a society, although the God who presents himself to the faithful Hopkins is very different to the one of the first few stanzas The Christ of the Father compassionate (stanza 33). Hopkins is often seen to be set somewhat apart from the Victorian norm, perhaps because his work was not actually published until 1918 but whilst his poetic technique may have been innovative and contemporarily unique, in this respect it represents perfectly the spirit of the age. The sensuous imagery of his poetry, his determination that his art should have an edifying purpose and his concern for the Condition of England are typical of much work of the period. The crucial difference is the result of Hopkins fervent religious belief in a time when many were less sure, his work is poetry of faith and certainty rather than a product of the anguished doubt that characterised the work of men such as Tennyson and Arnold, and this eternal belief underpins everything he wrote, estranging it from much of the eminent contemporary literary canon. 1 Cited in Gerard Manley Hopkins and the Victorian Temper, Alison G.Sulloway, London 1972, page 1. 2 The Correspondence of Gerard Manley Hopkins and Richard Watson Dixon, ed. Claude Colleer Abbott, London 1955 3 All poems taken from Gerard Manley Hopkins Poems and Prose, ed. W. H. Gardner, London 1953 4 quoted in Gerard Manley Hopkins Poems and Prose, London 1953, p. xxxiii 5 Note-books, p. 95 6 Gerard Manley Hopkins, from lecture notes on Poetry and Verse, 1874.

Asian American Study

Asian American Study Both Choy in ‘Empire of care: nursing and migration in Filipino American history’ and Yano in ‘Airborne dreams: â€Å"Nisei† Stewardesses and Pan American World Airways’ present the Filipino nurses and Japanese American flight attendants in the late twentieth century as victims of racism in their respective careers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Asian American Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Filipino nurses in America were subjected to racial discrimination at their places of work. They were treated with a lot of suspicion by their American counterparts. Choy gives an example of the 1975 incident in which Filipino nurses Narciso and Leonora Perez were falsely accused of poisoning veteran American patients in a Michigan hospital called Ann Arbor. Due to persisted acts of discrimination, the nurses eventually formed a union to fight against discrimination while at their pla ces of work (Choy 18). Similarly, the Japanese American stewards popularly known as the ‘Nisei’ were subjected to various forms of discrimination due to their Japanese American descent. During their employment, they were supposed to avoid pregnancy; delay marriage and their images were used in sexist advertisements. The Nisei had no option other than to comply because they were eager to secure employment with the Pan American airlines. However, while the Filipino nurses retained their social status of expatriate nurses in America, their Japanese American air attendants were able to gain the status of first class citizens of the United States (US).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This, they achieved through their well paying career and the nature of their work, which involved intermingling with first class American citizens. As Yano argues, some went to the extent of getting married to white Americans (Yano 34). In both cases, that is that of the Filipino nurses and that of the Japanese American air attendants, the United States’ political and economic dominance shaped the nature of their representations to a great extent. The Philippines were colonized by the US. During the colonization, the Americans started nursing schools in Philippines, which culminated in a mass exodus of trained Filipino nurses to the US to seek employment as well as higher social status. In recruiting the Japanese American air attendants, the Pan American Company was driven by the desire to win Asia’s support during the cold war. The idea was to present the US as a country with a global image and therefore win the support of many countries, especially in Asia where the Russian led socialism was gaining momentum. Community bazed organizing refers to the mobilization of communities into formal or informal groups to address a particular issue which is of in terest to them. The Asian American labor history is that of casual laborers employed by Americans to work in mines, farms and in the construction of railroads. Generally speaking, Asian Americans found their way to America through slavery and human trafficking by colonialists.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Asian American Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to their low social and economic status, early Asian immigrants in the US suffered great discrimination, abuse and humiliations at the hands of their white employers. This discrimination provoked them to think of ways of uniting against their common enemy. Most of plantation workers in Hawaii were of Asian origin. They found themselves working in the sugar plantations owned by the white man in Hawaii, where they worked to earn a decent living after they had fled their homes in China, Japan and Philippines due to poverty and lack of employment opportunitie s. These workers were grossly abused by managers in the plantations through doing hard work under unfavorable working conditions and poor payment. As a result, they managed to form informal groups and founded a common language known as the Hawaiian Pidgin, with an aim of communicating easily in order to resist the cruelty of the plantation managers. However, their attempt to unite against their employer did not succeed because the managers quickly noticed the same and reacted by organizing the Asian workers into castes in order to weaken their newly found unity. The castes were incited against each other and therefore there was no way they could have pushed for a common agenda (Jung 23).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The garments union on the other hand was formed by women employed in various industries in US and especially in the global factory. Most of the members were of Asian origin. The union, just like that of the sugar plantation workers was formed to resist dictatorship by their employers. However, the garments union was registered under the name ‘The International Ladies Garment Workers Union’ and was therefore recognized by the US government. The union was also allowed to picket and organize strikes whenever they felt that their labor rights were abused by their employers (Louie 75). The second generation Japanese Americans were the grown up children of the first Japanese Americans to live in the US. They were the first to be employed as flight attendants by the American airline known as Pan American airlines or simply as Pan Am. They were recruited as part of the airline’s strategy of giving itself a cosmopolitan image. They were also preferred because there was an increase in the number of passengers from the Asian continent and therefore the airline wanted to create a market niche for itself especially for Asian passengers. The relationship between the Japanese American flight attendants with that of the Pan Am was characterized by racism. The flight attendants were sometimes subjected to long working hours and other tough requirements during recruitment such as avoidance of marriage. However, the attendants managed to change their social status after interacting with white Americans. The discrimination eventually weathered away. The immigrant women garments workers in the global factory were women working to the US based factory. Their work was to make garments and get paid in wages. Most of these women were of Asian origin and they found themselves working in the global factory to earn themselves a living. Just like their Japanese American air attendants, the women were highly discriminated against by the managers of the global factory. T hey were also subjected to hard work and poor working conditions as well as low wages. However, they did not have the opportunity to change their social status because the nature of their work did not give them enough money to live a decent life. These two studies enable us to better understand the position of the US in the international economy in that the US played the role of the employer in the two cases. The US is portrayed as having the means of production with other countries having the human capital in form of employees. Through the two studies, we are able to understand that the US was an economic giant in the globe due to its advanced technology and infrastructure. The nature and site of the workplace greatly shapes people’s relationship to their labor. It does so through shaping their lifestyle, thinking, perceptions and class formation. What this means is that the nature of work simply determines the nature of their life. Lavish work environments may socialize wor kers to live lavish lifestyle while unfriendly work environments may socialize workers to adopt miserable lifestyles. Taking the example of the plantation workers in Hawaii, the work environment was not very friendly. The nature of the work done by the Asian immigrants was purely manual with a lot of physical strain and in very unfriendly working conditions. The wages paid to the workers were also very low. As a result, they lived in deplorable housing conditions. They also suffered occasional illnesses due to bad whether in the plantations. Their low incomes did not allow them to interact with their American counterparts. The managers in fact established a caste system which categorized the workers in castes which were synonymous to social classes. The work environment of the Japanese American stewardesses on the other hand was of lavish nature. Their work was very light and involved less physical strain as compared to that of the plantation workers in Hawaii. They were not poorly remunerated and this enabled them to secure themselves decent housing and health. Their work involved interacting with the American elite mostly during flights. This enabled them to copy the lifestyles of first class American citizens even though they were second or third class citizens in the US. Due to their improved social status and reasonable income, some were able to get married to white Americans. Their improved status also made their employer stop some discriminatory practices against them such as the requirement to delay marriage or lose their jobs once they got married or when they became pregnant. A family is a social institution established by one or more individuals of the same or different gender. Family concerns for workers include marriage, relationships, children, spouses and family welfare in general. Every worker is a social being because he or she comes from a family. Most workers work to get some income so as to take care of their families. Family concerns there fore are very central to workers and cannot be wished away. So far we have studied a variety of workers, most of who are of Asian origin. The Japanese American stewardesses for instance were recruited while young. In fact, most of them did not have their own families but were lived with their parents. Their employer however had some discriminatory criteria for their recruitment. One of the requirements was that they were not supposed to be married or pregnant. This practice was carried for a while, but with time, they formed unions of airline attendants to champion for their labor rights. One of the issues which they were fighting for was the removal of the laws which prohibited them from getting married or becoming pregnant while at work. This was an indication that they were not only concerned with their pay or work environment but were also concerned about their family life and welfare. The immigrant garments workers on the other hand were exposed to hard working conditions by th eir employer. Due to their immigrant status, they were usually overworked and underpaid. The nature of their work therefore separated them with their families for prolonged periods, prompting them to form a union to champion for their rights including the right to get offs from their work so as to meet with their families. They also agitated for better pay so as to take good care their families (Louie 75). One of the prominent features in our discussions is race and nations of origin. Race is a prominent feature because the history of the Asian American is characterized by elements of racism. The Asian American first arrived to the United States as laborers and were therefore discriminated against by their white employers. They were also very poor and therefore not able to resist the discrimination for a long time. Most of the Filipino nurses moved to the United States to look for employment in US hospitals after being trained in Philippines nursing schools established by the US dur ing colonization. Since the US had colonized Philippines, it considered the Filipino nurses as nothing more than racial elements who were not capable of doing anything for themselves without the assistance of the US. They were therefore discriminated through low wages. They were also denied some employee rights such as the right of association and also the right to belong to employee unions. Just like the Filipino nurses, most of the plantation workers in Hawaii were of Asian origin, a race considered by the European Americans as good for nothing except for prostitution and superstition. The plantations where the Asian workers worked were owned by the white Americans, a situation which was very conducive for racism to thrive. The workers were subjected to all manner of discrimination based on their race. The managers categorized them into groups according to their countries of origin, with a view of preventing them from forming movements to resist the discrimination by the white man agers. Unlike their Filipino nurses counterparts, the plantation workers were not able to organize themselves into unions. This made their employer to treat them like mere slaves by increasing the levels of exploitation, purely on grounds of racism (Jung 23). Choy, Catherine. Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003. 18. Print. Jung, Moon. Reworking Race: The Making of Hawai’s Interracial Labor Movement. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. 23. Print. Louie, Miriam. Sweatshop Warriors: Immigrant Women Workers Take on the Global Factory.Cambridge: South End Press, 2001. 75. Print. Yano, Christine. Airborne Dreams: â€Å"Nisei† Stewardesses and Pan American World Airways. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011.34. Print.

An Introduction to Visual Anthropology

An Introduction to Visual Anthropology Visual anthropology is an academic subfield of anthropology that has two distinct but intersecting aims. The first involves the addition of images including video and film to ethnographic studies, to enhance the communication of anthropological observations and insights through the use of photography, film, and video. The second one is more or less the anthropology of art,  understanding visual images, including: How far do humans as a species rely on what is seen, and how do they integrate that into their lives?How significant is the visual aspect of life in any particular society or civilization? andHow does a visual image represent (bring into existence, make visible, exhibit or reproduce an action or person, and/or stand as an example for) something Visual anthropology methods include photo elicitation, the use of images to stimulate culturally relevant reflections from informants. The end results are narratives (film, video, photo essays) which communicate typical events of a cultural scene. History Visual Anthropology only became possible with the availability of cameras in the 1860s- arguably the first visual anthropologists were not anthropologists at all but rather photojournalists like the Civil War photographer Matthew Brady;  Jacob Riis, who photographed 19th-century slums of New York;  and  Dorthea Lange, who documented the Great Depression in stunning photographs. In the mid-nineteenth century, academic anthropologists began collecting and making photographs of the people they studied. So-called collecting clubs included the British anthropologists Edward Burnett Tylor, Alfred Cort Haddon, and Henry Balfour, who exchanged and shared photographs as part of an attempt to document and classify ethnographic races. The Victorians concentrated on British colonies such as India, the French focused on Algeria, and the U.S. anthropologists concentrated on Native American communities. Modern scholars now recognize that imperialist scholars classifying the people of subject colonies as others is an important and downright ugly aspect of this early anthropological history. Some scholars have commented that visual representation of cultural activity is, of course, very ancient indeed, including cave art representations of hunting rituals beginning 30,000 years ago or more. Photography and Innovation The development of photography as a part of the scientific ethnographic analysis is usually attributed to Gregory Bateson and Margaret Meads 1942 examination of Balinese culture called Balinese Character: A Photographic Analysis. Bateson and Mead took more than 25,000 photos while conducting research in Bali, and published 759 photographs to support and develop their ethnographic observations. In particular, the photos- arranged in a sequential pattern like stop-motion movie clips- illustrated how the Balinese research subjects performed social rituals or engaged in routine behavior. Film as ethnography is an innovation generally attributed to Robert Flaherty, whose 1922 film Nanook of the North is a silent recording of activities of an Inuit band in the Canadian Arctic. Purpose In the beginning, scholars felt that using imagery was a way to make an objective, accurate, and complete study of social science that had been typically fueled by an extensively detailed description. But there is no doubt about it,  the photo collections were directed and often served a purpose. For example, the photos used by anti-slavery and aborigine protection societies were selected or made to make the natives more human and needier, through poses, framings, and settings. American photographer Edward Curtis made skillful use of aesthetic conventions, framing Native Americans as sad, unresisting victims of an inevitable and indeed divinely ordained manifest destiny. Anthropologists such as Adolphe Bertillon and Arthur Cervin sought to objectify the images by specifying uniform focal lengths, poses, and backdrops to remove the distracting noise of context, culture, and faces. Some photos went so far as to isolate body parts from the individual (like tattoos). Others such as Thomas Huxley planned to produce an orthographic inventory of the races in the British Empire, and that, coupled with a corresponding urgency to collect the last vestiges of disappearing cultures drove much of the 19th and early 20th century efforts. Ethical Considerations All of this came crashing to the forefront in the 1960s and 1970s when the clash between ethical requirements of anthropology and the technical aspects of using photography became untenable. In particular, the use of imagery in academic publication has impacts on the ethical requirements of anonymity, informed consent, and telling the visual truth. Privacy: Ethical anthropology requires that scholar protect the privacy of the subjects that are interviewed: taking their picture makes that nearly impossibleInformed consent: Anthropologists need to explain to their informants that their images may appear in the research and what the implications of those images might mean- and get that consent in writing- before the research beginsTelling the truth: Visual scholars must understand that it is unethical to alter images to change their meaning or present an image that connotes a reality not consistent with the understood reality. University Programs and Job Outlook Visual anthropology is a subset of the larger field of anthropology. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the numbers of jobs projected to grow between 2014 and 2024 is about 4 percent, slower than the average, and competition for those jobs is likely to be fierce given the small number of positions relative to applicants. A handful of university programs specializing in the use of visual and sensory media in anthropology, including: The University of Southern California MA at the Center for Visual AnthropologyHarvard Universitys Ph.D. program at Sensory Ethnography LabThe University of Londons MA and Ph.D. in Visual AnthropologyThe University of Manchesters MA at the Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology Finally, the Society for Visual Anthropology, part of the American Anthropological Association, has a research conference and film and media festival and publishes the journal Visual Anthropology Review. A second academic journal, titled Visual Anthropology, is published by Taylor Francis. Sources: Cant A. 2015. One Image, Two Stories: Ethnographic and Touristic Photography and the Practice of Craft in Mexico. Visual Anthropology 28(4):277-285.Harper D. 2001. Visual Methods in the Social Sciences. In: Baltes PB, editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon. p 16266-16269.Loizos P. 2001. Visual Anthropology. In: Baltes PB, editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon. p 16246-16250.Ortega-Alczar I. 2012. Visual Research Methods, International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home. San Diego: Elsevier. p 249-254.Pink S. 2014. Digital–visual–sensory-design anthropology: Ethnography, imagination Arts and Humanities in Higher Education 13(4):412-427.and intervention.Poole D. 2005. An excess of description: Ethnography, race, and visual technologies. Annual Review of Anthropology 34(1):159-179.

Chemistry Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chemistry - Lab Report Example 31). Since acids and bases readily react with each other, it is experimentally quite easy to find the amount of acid in a solution by determining how many moles of base are required to neutralize it. This operation is called titration, and you should already be familiar with it from your work in the Laboratory (Harris 2006, Pg. 06). We can titrate an acid with a base, or a base with an acid. The substance whose concentration we are determining is the substance being titrated; the substance we are adding in measured amounts is the titrant. The idea is to add titrant until the solution has been exactly neutralized; at this point, the number of moles of titrant added tells us the concentration of base (or acid) in the solution being titrated (Harris 2006, Pg. 8). In this schematic reaction, base1 is conjugate to acid1, and acid2 is conjugate to base2. The term conjugate means â€Å"connected with†, the implication being that any species and its conjugate species are related by the gain or loss of one proton. The Arrhenius view of an acid is a substance that dissociates in water to produce a hydrogen ion. There is a serious problem with this, however: the hydrogen ion is no more than a proton, a bare nucleus. Although it carries only a single unit of positive charge, this charge is concentrated into a volume of space that is only about a hundred-millionth as large as the volume occupied by the smallest atom. Owing to its extremely small size, the proton will be attracted to any part of a nearby atom or molecule in which there is an excess of negative charge. Such places exist on any atom that possesses non-bonding electrons, and here that protons attach themselves to the acceptor atom by forming a shared-electron (coordinate) bond with the lone pair (Silbey 2006, Pg. 42). Interestingly, experiments indicate that the proton does not stick to a single H2 O molecule, but changes

Monetary policy in china Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Monetary policy in china - Coursework Example The money market of China is considered as an indicator for funding to the financial institutions and to the smaller banks existing in the economy. The financial system plays an important role in the growth and expansion of China. The economy of china is being considered as the second largest economy of the world. The financial system of China is mainly dominated by the banking sector. The banking sector contributes more than three fifth of its credit to the private sector. The main source of the economic growth of China is from the banking sector. The financial system of China has also undergone modifications with the end of monopoly in the banking sector of the country. The banking system of China mainly constitutes two third of the financial asset of the financial system. The financial intermediaries’ plays a crucial role in the financial system of the country. The four state owned banks of China mainly dominate the market. The household savings are conducted by the financial intermediaries under the pressure of the government of China. The monetary policy of China is very complex. In order to facilitate the growth an d development in the economy, the Central bank of china has invested cash in the financial system. The interest rates this country are almost zero therefore the central bank of the country has to switch to lower funding cost. The article reflects on the economic growth of China. China is experiencing a slowdown in the economic growth and development in the recent years. The growth has decreased to more than 7% in the first quarter. China has been experiencing a slowdown in its economy since 2009. But it has gained momentum in the recent years. This situation has created more pressure on the Central bank of the country to ease its fiscal and monetary policy. The cut in the interest rate has affected the liquidity position of the economy which has

3D Technology: Types and Uses

3D Technology: Types and Uses CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This report will focus on how different 3D technologies work, it will include the entire work flow, from recording the action, encoding the footage, playing back the media via a cinema projector or television and finally how the audience views the 3D film or video, whether it be through specially designed glasses or an auto-stereoscopic television. At present the most popular way to view 3D media is with the use of specialised glasses, the most popular being, active shutter glasses, passive polarised glasses and colour separationbased glasses. Wearing glasses to watch a movie is often mentioned as a negative aspect of 3D. There is a technology available that allows you to watch 3D on screens without wearing any additional glasses, it is called autostereoscopy, this will also be looked at. The health impacts that result from watching 3D will also be examined, along with factors that will prevent a person from being able to correctly view 3D images. There will be impacts on the entire industry from studios and cinemas to smaller production companies and independent producers if 3D films become the norm and these will be examined. A good place to start this report is to examine how two of the highest profile media companies around at present are currently viewing 3D technology. Phil McNally stereoscopic supervisor at Disney-3D and Dreamworks was quoted as saying, consider that all technical progress in the cinema industry brought us closer to the ultimate entertainment experience: the dream. We dream in colour, with sound, in an incoherent world with no time reference. The cinema offers us a chance to dream awake for an hour. And because we dream in 3D, we ultimately want the cinema to be a 3D experience not a flat one.'(Mendiburu, 2009) In the BBC Research White Paper: The Challenges of Three-Dimensional Television, 3D technology is referred to as a continuing long-term evolution of television standards towards a means of recording, transmitting and displaying images that are indistinguishable from reality'(Armstrong, Salmon, Jolly, 2009) It is clear from both of these high profile sources that the industry is taking the evolution of 3D very seriously, as a result this is a topic that is not only very interesting but will be at the cutting edge of technological advances for the next couple of years. This report will be covering the following things: What does the term 3D mean with reference to film and video A look at the history of 3D in film How does 3D technology work The implications of 3D on the film business and on cinemas The methods used to create the media and also the ways in which the 3D image is recreated for the viewer The reasons I have chosen to do my project on this topic is that I am very interested in the new media field. 3D video when accompanied with high definition film and video is a field that is growing rapidly. Earlier this year, on 02 April 2009, Sky broadcast the UKs first live event in the 3D TV format, it featured a live music concert by the pop group Keane, it was sent via the companys satellite network using polarisation technology. Traditionally we view films and television in two dimensions, this in essence means we view the media as a flat image. In real life we view everything in three dimensions, this is because we get a slightly different image received in each eye, the brain then combines these and we can work out depth of vision and create a 3D image. (this will be explained further in Chapter 3) There is a high level of industrial relevance with this topic, as 3D technology coupled with high definition digital signal is at the cutting edge of mainstream digital media consumption. Further evidence of this is that the sports company ESPN will be launching their new TV channel, ESPN-3D in North America in time for this years Summer Football World Cup. In January 2009 the BBC produced a Research White Paper entitled The Challenges of Three-Dimensional Television on this subject and over the next couple of years they predict that it will start to be introduced in the same way that HD (High Definition) digital television signal is currently being phased in, with pay-per-view movies and sports being the first take advantage of it. Sky have announced that their existing Sky+HD boxes will be able to broadcast the 3D signals so customers will not even need to update their equipment to be able to receive the 3D Channel that they are starting to broadcast later this year. On Sunday January 31st 2010, Sky broadcast a live Premier League football match between Arsenal and Manchester United for the first time in 3D to selected pubs across the country, Sky equipped the selected pubs with LGs new 47-inch LD920 3D TVs. These televisions use the passive glasses, similar to the ones uses in cinemas as opposed to the more expensive Active glasses which are also an option. (The differences between Active and Passive technologies will be explained in Chapter 8) It is also worth noting that at the 2010 Golden Globe awards, on acceptance of his award for Best Picture for the 3D Box Office Hit Avatar, the Canadian director James Cameron pronounced 3D as the future. At the time of writing this report (27/01/2010) the 3D film Avatar has just taken over from Titanic (also a James Cameron film) to become the highest grossing movie of all time, with worldwide takings of $1.859 billion. This is being accredited to the films outstanding takings in the 3D version of its release, in America 80% of the films box office revenue has been received from the 3D version of its release. In an industry where money talks, these figures will surely lead to an dramatic increase in production of 3D films and as a result Avatar could potentially be one of the most influential films of all time. After completing this dissertation I hope to be able to have a wide knowledge base on the subject and hopefully this will appeal to companies that I approach about employment once I have graduated. In the summer of 2010 when I will be looking for jobs, I believe that a lot of production companies will have some knowledge of 3D technology and be aware of how in the near future it may be something that they will have to consider adopting in the way that many production companies are already or soon will be adopting HD into their workflow. In order to ensure that I complete this project to a high standard it is important that I gain a complete understanding of the topic and study a variety of different sources when compiling my research. 3D media itself is not a new concept so there are a wide range of books and articles on the theory of 3D and stereoscopy along with anaglyphs. However in recent years there has been a resurgence in 3D with relation to film and TV. This is due mainly to digital video and film production making it easier and cheaper to create and manage the two channels needed for three-dimensional video production. It has proved more difficult to study books and papers on this most recent resurgence of 3D because it is still happening and evolving all the time. I have read various research white papers on the subject, which have been cited in the Bibliography, I have also used websites and blogs along with some recently published books, one of the problems with such a fast moving technological field such as 3D though, is that these books quickly become outdated. CHAPTER 2: HUMAN VISION In the real world we see in three dimensions as opposed to the two dimensions that we have become accustomed to when watching TV or at the cinema. Human vision appears in three dimensions because it is normal for people to have two eyes that both focus on the object, in the brain these two images are then fused into one, from this we can work out depth of vision, this process is called stereopsis. All of these calculations happen in the brain without the person ever even noticing, as a result we see the world in three dimensions very naturally. The reason that we see in 3D is because of stereoscopic depth perception. There are various complex calculations going on in our brains, this coupled with real experience allows our brain to work out the depth of vision. If it wasnt for this it would be impossible to tell if something was very small or just very far away. As humans, we have learnt to judge depth even with only one view point. This is why, if a person has one eye they can still manage to do most things that a person with two eyes can do. This is also why when watching a 2-D film you can still get a good judge of depth. The term for depth cues based on only one viewpoint is monoscopic depth cues. One of the most important of these is our own experience, it relates to perspective and relative size of objects. In simple terms, we have become accustomed to object being certain sizes. An example of this is that we expect buildings to be very big, humans are smaller and insects are smaller still. So this means that if we can see all three of these objects next to each other and they appear to be the same size then the insect must be much closer than the person, and both the insect and the person must be much closer that the building (see figure 1). The perspective depth cue (shown in figure1) was backed up when an experiment was carried out by Ittelson in 1951. He got volunteers to look through a peep hole at some playing cards, the only thing they could see were the cards and so there were no other types of depth cue available. There were actually three different-sized playing cards (normal size, half-size, and double size), and they were presented one at a time at a distance of 2.3metres away. The half-sized playing card was judged to be 4.6 metres away from the observer, whereas the double-sized card was thought to be 1.3 metres away. Thus, familiar size had a large effect on distance judgement'(Eysenck, 2002). Another monoscopic depth cue that is very effective is referred to as occlusion or interposition. This is where an object overlaps another object. If a person is standing behind a tree then you will be able to see all of the tree but only part of the person. This tells us that the tree is nearer to us that the person. One of the most important single view depth cues in called motion parallax, it works on the basis that if a person moves their head, and therefore eyes, then objects nearer to them, whilst not physically moving, will appear to move more than the objects in the distance. This is the method that astronomers use to measure distances of stars and planets. It is in extremely important method of judging depth and is used extensively in 3D filmmaking. In filmmaking, lighting is often talked about as being one of the key elements to giving the picture depth, and this is because it is a monoscopic depth cue. In real life the main light source for millennia has been the sun. Humans have worked out how to judge depth based on the shadows that are portrayed from an object. In 2D films shadows are often used to display depth by casting them across actors faces it allows the viewers to see the recesses and expressions trying to be portrayed. So far all of the methods that have been described for determining depth have been monoscopic, these work independently within each eye. If these were the only methods for determining depth there would be no need for 3D films as it would not add anything because all of these methods could be recreated using a single camera lens. This is not the case however, a lot of the more advanced methods used in human vision for judging depth need the use of both eyes, these are called stereoscopic depth cues. A great deal of stereoscopic depth cues are based around the feedback that your brain gets when the muscles in the eye are manipulated to concentrate your vision on a particular point. One of the main stereoscopic depth cues is called convergence, this referrers to the way that the eyes rotate in order to focus on an object (see figure 2). If the focus is on a near object, the eyes rotate around the Y axis and converge on a tighter angle , similarly if the focus is on a distant object the rotation means the eyes have a wider angle of convergence. It is a lot less stressful on the muscles in the eye to have a wide angle of convergence and look at objects far away, in comparison looking at very close object for any amount of time causes the muscles in the eye to ache. This is a very important factor that should be considered when creating 3D films, as it doesnt matter how good the film is, if it is going to hurt the audience it will not go down well. A second stereoscopic depth cue that we use is called accommodation, this is the way that our eyes changes focus when we look at an object at different distances, it is very closely linked with convergence. Usually when we look at an object very close up, our eyes will change rotation and point towards the object (convergence) allowing us to look at the item, our eyes will at the same time change focus (accommodation). Using the ciliarybody muscles in the eye, the lens will change shape to let more or less light in the same way a camera does, thus changing focus. In everyday life convergence and accommodation usually happen in parallel. The fact that we can, if we wish choose to converge our eyes without changing the focus means that 3D films are possible. When you are sat in the cinema all of the action is projected onto the screen in front of you, so this is where your eyes need to focus. With 2D films the screen is also where your eyes need to converge, but with 3D films this is not the case. When watching a 3D film the focus never changes from the screen, else the whole picture would go out of focus, but objects appear to be in front and behind the screen, so your eyes need to change their convergence to look at these objects without altering their focus from the screen. It has been suggested that this independence of accommodation and convergence is the reason for eye strain when watching a 3D picture as your eyes are doing something that they are not in the habit of doing (see chapter 12: Is 3D bad for you). It is also worth noting that our monoscopic depth cues work at almost any range, this is not the case with stereoscopic depth cues. As objects become further away they no longer appear differently in each eye, so there is no way the brain can calculate a difference and work out depth. The limit occurs in the 100 to 200-yard range, as our discernment asymptomatically tends to zero. In a theatre, we will hit the same limitation, and this will define the depth resolution and the depth range of the screen.(Mendiburu, 2009) This means that when producing a 3D film you have to be aware that the range of 3D that you have to use is not infinite and is limited to 100-200 yards. CHAPTER 3: Early Stereoscopic History (1838 1920) Three dimensional films are not a new phenomenon, Charles Wheatstone discovered, in 1838, that the mechanism responsible for human depth perception is the distance separating the retinas of our eyes . (Autodesk, 2008) In a 12,000 word research paper that Wheatstone presented to the Royal Society of Great Britain he described the stereoscope and claimed as a new fact in his theory if vision the observation that two different pictures are projected on the retinas of the eyes when a single object is seen.(Zone, 2007) Included in the paper were a range of line drawings presented as stereoscopic pairs, these were designed to be viewed in 3D using Wheatstones invention, the stereoscope. Wheatstone was not the first person to look at the possibility of receiving separate views in each eye, In the third century B.C, Euclid in his treatise on Optics observed that the left and right eyes see slightly different views of a sphere'(Zone, 2007). However, Wheatstone was the first person to create a device to be able to re-create 3D images. Between 1835 and 1839 photography was starting to be developed thanks to work from William Fox Talbot, Nicephore Niepce and Louise Daguerre. Once Wheatstone became aware of the photographic pictures that were available he requested some stereoscopic photographs to be made for him. Wheatstone observed that it has been found advantageous to employ, simultaneously, two cameras fixed at the proper angular positions'(Zone, 2007). This was the start of stereoscopic photography. Between 1850 and 1860 work was starting to be done by various people to try and combine stereoscopic photography with machines that would display a series of images very quickly and therefore using persistence of vision to create a moving 3D image. These were the first glimpses of 3D motion. In 1891 a French scientist, Louis Ducos du Hauron patented the anaglyph, a method for separating an image into two separate colour channels and then by wearing glassing with the same colours but on opposite eyes thereby cancelling out the image, thus reproducing one image, but in 3D. Another method used at this time to create 3D was proposed by John Anderton, also in 1891. Andertons system was to use polarisation techniques to split the image into two separate light paths and then employ a similar polarisation technique to divert a separate image to each eye on viewing. One of the main advantages of polarisation over anaglyphs is that they do not lose any colour information, this is due to the fact that both images retain the original colour spectrums. They do however loose luminance. It is common for a silver screen to be necessary, it serves two purposes, firstly the specially designed screen maintains the separate polarisation required for each image. It also reflects more light than conventional screens, this compensates for the loss of luminance. During 1896 and 1897 2D motion pictures started to take off, and by 1910 after a lot of initial experimenting the creative formats of film that we recognise today such as cuts and framing had started to become evident. In 1920 Jenkins, an inventor that worked hard to try and create a method for recreating stereoscopic motion picture was quoted as saying Stereoscopic motion pictures have been the subject of considerable thought and have been attained in several waysbut never yet have they been accomplished in a practical way. By practical, I mean, for example without some device to wear over the eyes of the observer.'(Zone, 2007) It is worth noting that this problem of finding a practical method of viewing 3D has still to a large extent not been solved. Chapter 4: Early 3D Feature Films (1922 1950) 4.1 The first 3D feature film The first 3D feature film, The Power of Love was released in 1922, it was exhibited at the Ambassador Hotel Theatre in Los Angeles. Popular Mechanics magazine described how the characters in the film did not appear flat on the screen, but seemed to be moving about in locations which had depth exactly like the real spots where the pictures were taken(Zone, 2007). The Power of Love was exhibited using red/green glasses using a dual strip anaglyph method of 3D projection. (Anaglyphs are explained in chapter 8.3) The film was shot on a custom made camera invented by Harry K.Fairall, he was also the director on the film. The camera incorporated two films in one camera body.(Symmes, 2006) Power of Love was the first film to be viewed using anaglyph glasses, also the first to use dual-strip projection. Also in 1922, William Van Doren Kelley designed his own camera rig, based on the Prizma colour system which he had invented in 1913. The Prizma 3D colour method worked by capturing two different colour channels by placing filters over the lenses. This way he made his own version of the red/blue anaglyphic print. Kelleys Movies of the Future was shown at Rivoli Theatre in New York City. 4.2 The first active-shutter 3D film A year later in 1923 the first alternate-frame 3D projection system was unveiled. It used a technology called Teleview. Which blocked the left and right eyes periodically in sync with the projector, thereby allowing you to see too separate images. Teleview was not an original idea, but up to this point no one had been able to get the theory to actually work in a practical way that would allow for films to be viewed in a cinema. This is where Laurens Hammond comes in. Hammons designed a system where two standard projectors would be hooked up to their own AC generators, running at 60Hz this meant that adjusting the AC frequency would increase or decrease the speed of the projectors. The left film was in the left projector and right film in the right. The projectors were in frame sync, but the shutters were out of phase sync.'(Symmes, 2006) This meant that the left image was shown, then the right image. The viewing device was attached to the seats in the theatre. It was mounted on a flexible neck, similar to some adjustable gooseneck desk lamps. You twisted it around and centred it in front of your face, kind of like a mask floating just in front of your face. (Symmes, 2006) The viewing device consisted of a circular mask with a view piece for each eye plus a small motor that moved a shutter across in front of either the left or right eye piece depending on the cycle of current running through it. All of the viewing devices were powered by the same AC generator as the projectors meaning that they were all exactly in sync. One of the major problems Hammond had to overcome was the fact that at the time film was displayed at 16 frames per second. With this method of viewing you are effectively halving the frame rate. 8 frames per second resulted in a very noticeable flicker. To overcome this Hammond cut each frame up in to three flashes so the new sequence was: 1L-1R-1L-1R-1L-1-R 2L-2R-2L-2R-2L-2R and so on. Three alternate flashes per eye on the screen. (Symmes, 2006) This method of separating and duplicating certain frames effectively resulted in increasing the overall frame rate thereby eradicating the flicker. There was only one film produced using this method, it was called M.A.R.S and displayed at the Selwyn Theatre in New York City in December 1922. The reason the technology didnt catch on was not due to the image, as the actual theory for producing the image has changed very little from the Teleview method to the current active-shutter methods which will be explained later. As with a lot of 3D methods the reason this one did not become mainstream was due the viewing apparatus that was needed. Although existing projectors could be modified by linking them up to separate AC generator, meaning no extra equipment was needed, the headsets that were required did need a lot of investment and time to install. All of the seats in the theatre needed to be fitted with headsets, these were adjusted in front of the audience members. These also had to be linked up to the AC generator so as they were perfectly in sync, this meant that they had to be wired in to the seats. These problems have since been overcome with wireless technologies such as Bluetooth as will be explained later. 4.3 The first polarised 3D film The next and arguably one of the most important advancements in 3D technology came in 1929 when Edwin H. Land worked out a way of using polarised lenses (Polaroid) together with images to create stereo vision. (Find more on polarisation in chapter 8.6) Lands polarizing material was first used for projection of still stereoscopic images at the behest of Clarence Kennedy, an art history instructor at Smith College who wanted to project photo images of sculptures in stereo to his students. (Zone, 2007) In 1936 Beggars Wedding was released in Italy, it was the first stereoscopic feature to include sound, it was exhibited using Polaroid filters. This was filmed using polarised technology. The first American film to use polarising filters was shot in 1939 and entitled In Tune With Tomorrow, it was a 15 minute short film which shows through stop motion, a car being built piece-by-piece in 3D with the added enhancement of music and sound effects. (Internet Movie Database, 2005) Between 1939 and 1952 3D films continued to me made but with the Great Depression and the onset of the Second World War, the cinema industry was restricted with its output because of finances and as 3D films were more expensive to make their output started to be reduced. Chapter 5: Golden Age of 3D (1952 1955) With cinema ticket sales plummeting from 90 million in 1948 to 40 million in 1951 (Sung, 2009) largely being put down to the television becoming coming in peoples front rooms the cinema industry needed to find a way to encourage the viewers back the big screen, 3D was seen as a way to offer something extra to make viewers return. In 1952 the first colour 3D film was released called Bwana Devil,it was the first of many stereoscopic films to follow in the next few years. The process of combining 3D and colour attracted a new audience to 3D films. Between 1950 and 1955 there were far more 3D films produced that at any other time before or since, apart from possibly in the next couple of years from 2009 onwards, as the cinema industry tries to fight back again against falling figures, this time though because of home entertainment systems, video-on-demand, and legal and illegal movie downloads. Towards the end of the Golden Age, around 1955, the fascination with 3D was starting to be lost. There were a number of reasons for this, one of the main factors was that in order for the film to be seen in 3D it had to be shown on two reels at the same time, which meant that the two reels had to be exactly in time else the effect would be lost and it would cause the audience headaches. Chapter 6: Occasional 3D films (1960 2000) Between 1960 and 2000 there were sporadic resurgences in 3D. These were down to new technologies becoming available. In the late 1960s the invention of a single strip 3D format initiated a revival as it meant that the dual projectors would no longer go out of sync and cause eye-strain. The first version of this single strip 3D format to be used was called Space-Vision 3D, it worked on an over and under basis. This meant that the frame was horizontally split into two, during playback it was then separate in two using a prism and polarised glasses. However, there were major drawbacks with Space-Vision 3D. Due to the design of the cameras required to film in this format, the only major lens that was compatible was the Bernier lens. The focal length of the Bernier optic is fixed at 35mm and the interaxial at 65mm. Neither may be varied, but convergence may be altered'(Lipton, 1982).This obviously restricted the creative filmmaking options and as a result was soon superseded by a new format called Stereovision. Stereovision was similar to Space-Vision 3D in that is split the frame in two, unlike Space-Vision though, the frame was split vertically, and they were placed side-by-side. During projection these frames were then put through an anamorphic lens, thereby stretching them back to their original size. These also made use of the polarising method introduced by Land in 1929. A film made using this process was called The Stewardess, released in 1969, it cost only $100,000 to make but at the cinema it grossed $26,000,000 (Lipton, 1982). Understandably the studios were very interested in the profit margin that arose from this film. As a result 3D once again became an interesting prospect for studios. Up until fairly recently films were still shot and edited using old film techniques (i.e. not digitally). This made manipulating 3D films quite difficult, this lack of control over the full process made 3D less appealing to film makers. The digitisation of post-processing and visual effects gave us another surge in the 1990s. But only full digitisation, from glass to glass from the cameras to projector lenses gives 3D the technological biotope it needs to thrive (Mendiburu, 2009). Chapter 7: The Second Golden Age of 3D (2004 present) In 2003 James Cameron released Ghost of the Abyss, it was the first full length 3D feature film that used the Reality Camera System, which was specially designed to use new high definition digital cameras. These digital cameras meant that the old techniques used with 3D film no longer restricted the work-flow, and the whole process can be done digitally, from start to finish. The next groundbreaking film was Robert Semeckis 2004 animated film Polar Express which was also shown in IMAX theatres. It was released at the same time in 2D and 3D, the 3D cinemas took on average 14 times more money that the 2D cinemas. The cinemas once again took note, and since Polar Express was released in 2004, 3D digital films have become more and more prominent. IMAX are no longer the only cinemas capable of displaying digital 3D films. A large proportion of conventional cinemas have made the switch to digital, this switch has enabled 3D films to be exhibited in a large range of cinemas. CHAPTER 8: 3D TECHNOLOGIES 8.1 3D capture and display methods Each different type of stereoscopic display projects the combined left and right images together onto a flat surface, usually a television or cinema screen. The viewer then must have a method of decoding this image and separating the combined image into left and right images and relaying these to the correct eye. The method that is used to split this image is, in the majority of cases, a pair of glasses. There are two brackets of encoding method, passive and active. Passive means that the images are combined into one and then the glasses split this image in to two separate images for left and right eye. In this method the glasses are cheaper to produce and the expense usually comes in the equipment used to project the image. The second method is active display. This method works by sending the alternative images in a very quick succession (L-R-L-R-L-R), the glasses then periodically block the appropriate eye piece, this is done at such a fast rate that it appears to be continuous in both eyes. There are various different types of encoding encapsulated within each of the two methods mentioned above. The encoding can use either colour separation (anaglyph, Dolby 3D), time separation (active glasses) or polarisation (RealD). A separate method, which does not require the use of glasses is done by using a virtual space in front of the screen and is called autosterescopic. In cinemas across the world at the moment there are several formats that are used to display 3D films. Three of the main distributors are Real-D, iMAX and Dolby-3D. Once a 3D film has been finished by the studios, it then needs to be prepared for exhibition in various different formats, this can include amongst other things colour grading and anti ghosting processes. At present there is not a universally agreed format for capturing or playing back 3D films, as a result there are several different versions, these are explained below. A large majority of the latest wave of 3D technology options send the image using one projector, so removing the old problem of out sync left and right images. The methods that do use dual projectors are much more sophisticated that the older versions used in anaglyphic films so have eradicated the old problems of out of sync projectors. 8.2 Gho